DLEX Loyola-Reina

Auteur : Gustave Flaubert
Titre du livre : « MADAME BOVARY »

Si Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) a pu dire « madame Bovary, c’est moi !», c’est parce qu’il a glissé beaucoup de lui-même dans cette œuvre : ses propres souvenirs sentimentaux, sa vision d’une société bourgeoise qu’il méprise, mais aussi la mise en pratique de ses théories sur l’art romanesque.

L’histoire d’une jeune femme que la province ennuie, qui a appris la vie dans les romans d’amour, et qui, mariée à un homme médiocre, va de liaisons malheureuses en déceptions amoureuses, jusqu’au bout de la déchéance : c’est le sujet de Madame Bovary. Un cas banal dont Gustave Flaubert a fait un personnage universel. Et un gigantesque exercice de style. Recherche de la perfection dans l’écriture, dans le maniement de la prose, perspicacité de l’analyse : de Madame Bovary, cette révolution littéraire, est issu tout le roman moderne.

Gustave Courbet, né le 10 juin 1819 à Ornas et mort le 31 décembre 1877 à l’âge de 58 ans à La –Tour-de-Peilz (Suisse), est un peintre et sculpteur français, chef de file du courant réaliste.

Il s’agit d’une œuvre majeur de la littérature française et mondiale. Un premier grand roman. Portrait de Gustave Flaubert. Après avoir déjà exercé sa plume sur plusieurs ouvrages qui ne le satisfont pas et qu’il n’oublie pas, Flaubert concentre sa puissance créatrice sur ce roman dont l’idée lui est donnée par la mort d’un ancien élève de son père, médecin normand, dont la femme, infidèle, s’était suicidée. La rédaction dure cinq ans, tant les exigences esthétiques de l’auteur sont fortes. Le livre donne lieu à un procès retentissant : Flaubert est accusé d’avoir porté atteinte aux bonnes mœurs en peignant la femme adultère. Le procès sera gagné et le succès de librairie est énorme (quatre éditions en quinze ans).

Vers une rhétorique de la transgression
Fille d’un riche paysan, Emma aspire à une vie pleine de passions dignes des romans sentimentaux qu’elle a lus au couvent. Dans cet espoir, elle épouse Charles Bovary, médecin à Tostes en Normandie, mas elle déchante bien vite. L’ennui est son lot quotidien. Pour dissiper sa mélancolie le couple s’installe à Yonville….

How to improve your spoken English

When you ask a language student what their goals are, almost everyone says “improve my speaking”. When learning a foreign language, you’ll find yourself talking with all kinds of native speakers – your teacher, servers in restaurants, taxi drivers and your landlord, so it’s vital that you feel comfortable. Just like improving your writing, listening or any other skill, there are techniques you can use to improve your spoken English in a targeted way. Here are eight of our favorites:

1- 𝙎𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙠, 𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙠, 𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙠

Let’s start right off by saying that there isn’t a magic pill for better speaking. That would be too easy, right? Basically, the best way to speak better is to, well – speak! Commit to practicing often with as many different people as possible. If you’re learning in your own country, increase your practice time by meeting your classmates after class, finding a language exchange partner or joining an online community of learners.

2- 𝙍𝙚𝙛𝙡𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝙤𝙣 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨

After your conversation is over, take a moment to reflect. How did it go? How much do you think you understood? How comfortable did you feel with that subject matter? Did you encounter any unknown words? The mere act of thinking about it in this way will increase your confidence for the next time you speak (and give your targeted things to work on, for example vocabulary you didn’t understand).

3- 𝙇𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙙

You need words in order to talk, right? Class time is great for learning vocabulary, but there are other ways you can increase yours: Watch movies, listen to music, the radio and to podcasts. Read books, magazines and blogs. When listening and reading, find new and interesting expressions, slang terms and synonyms, write down this new material and look up anything you’re not familiar with. All this will provide more “meat” for you to use next time you practice.

4- 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙩 𝙨𝙝𝙚𝙚𝙩𝙨

Part of nervousness around speaking is the feeling of not knowing what to say. To combat this, prepare a cheat sheet. Are you going to the doctor’s? Before your appointment, research vocabulary relating to your condition and some common phrases you’ll probably need. Use the technique before going to pay a bill, eating at a restaurant, job interviews, making a complaint, or for any other situation that might make you anxious.

5- 𝙋𝙞𝙘𝙠 𝙪𝙥 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙝𝙤𝙣𝙚

Most people find phone conversations particularly challenging. Why? Because on the phone, we can’t see the other person’s body language or watch their mouth move, both of which are tools that really help communication. To feel more confident on the phone, start small with phone conversations with friends – then move on to more challenging calls like making appointments or inquiries. (This is a great time to use tip 4, and prepare a list of questions and useful vocabulary to help you during your call!)

6- 𝙍𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙙 𝙮𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙫𝙤𝙞𝙘𝙚

We know, we know – most people dislike hearing their voice recorded – but it’s actually an extremely beneficial way to improve your speaking! Hearing yourself on tape shows you things you might not realize (maybe you tend to speak quickly when nervous, swallow your “s’s” or mumble). On the other hand, you could be pleasantly surprised to hear that your speaking is far better than you thought! For bonus points, take your recording to your teacher or to a native speaker friend and have them give you feedback.

7- 𝙇𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙣 𝙥𝙝𝙧𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣 𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙡𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙨

Another tip to increase your fluency is to speak using a variety of phrases rather than individual words. (You probably do this all the time in your native language.) Instead of automatically asking “Hello, how are you today?”, mix it up by choosing other expressions like “What’s up, man?” “Hey dude!” or “How ya going, mate?” (Be careful though: Some expressions will be very informal and not ideal for some situations!)

8- 𝙃𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙛𝙪𝙣

Let’s face it. It’s far easier to learn something new when you’re having fun. Inject silliness into your speaking practice by talking to yourself when you’re alone, singing along with popular songs in English, doing tongue twisters or doing one-minute “impromptu speeches” on randomly-chosen topics (such as snakes, coffee, India or subjects such as “If I ruled the world, I would…”, “Three surprising facts about me,” or “Which came first, the chicken or the egg?”).

𝘈𝘥𝘢𝘱𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘏𝘰𝘸 𝘵𝘰 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘦 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘴𝘱𝘰𝘬𝘦𝘯 𝘌𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘩: 8 𝘵𝘪𝘱𝘴…𝘸𝘸𝘸.𝘦𝘧.𝘤𝘰𝘮

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𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗗𝗝𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗙𝗦 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗙𝗦

Un adjectif possessif (appelé aussi déterminant possessif) est un déterminant qui précise l’appartenance ou le lien avec une chose, une personne ou un animal: mon, ton, son, ma ta, sa, mes, tes, ses, notre, votre, leur, nos, vos, leurs.

𝘌𝘹𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦:
Mon chien: on sait ici à 𝙦𝙪𝙞 appartient le chien. 𝘾’𝙚𝙨𝙩 le mien.

L’adjectif possessif, comme l’article est toujours placé avant le nom.

Les adjectifs possessifs sont:

Singulier
Masculin Féminin
Masculin / féminin
MON MA
TON TA
SON SA
NOTRE
VOTRE
LEUR

Pluriel
Masculin/Féminin
MES
TES
SES
NOS
VOS
LEURS

𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡!

Devant un mot féminin commençant par une voyelle ou un «h» non aspiré, on écrit: mon, ton, son

𝘌𝘹𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦: mon école, ton oreille, son ami(e)

Les adjectifs possessifs sont des mots qui modifient un nom qui expriment une relation de possession.

𝗥è𝗴𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗴é𝗻é𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗱𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗳𝘀 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗳𝘀 𝗲𝗻 𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗻ç𝗮𝗶𝘀.

1- Ces adjectifs se placent devant le nom qu’ils modifient:

𝘌𝘹𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦:
Voilà mon râteau, ma pelle, mes jouets et ta b***e.

2- Ces adjectifs s’accordent en genre et en nombre avec le nom qu’ils modifient :

𝘌𝘹𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦:
La mère de Pierre (sa mère) ; le père de Marie (son père)

3- Si les adjectifs possessifs «𝙢𝙖, 𝙩𝙖, 𝙨𝙖», modifient un nom féminin qui commence par une voyelle (a, e, i, o, u, y) on place «𝙢𝙤𝙣, 𝙩𝙤𝙣, 𝙨𝙤𝙣» si le nom commence par voyelle:

𝘌𝘹𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦:
Elle parle avec 𝙢𝙤𝙣 𝙖mie. C’est 𝙨𝙤𝙣 𝙤range qu’il mange.

Interesting Facts about the English Language.

¿𝗦𝗔𝗕Í𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗟𝗚𝗨𝗡𝗔𝗦 𝗗𝗘 𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗚𝗟𝗔𝗦 𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗢𝗚𝗥Á𝗙𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗦?

1- Siempre se deben acentuar las mayúsculas.

2-Una tilde puede hacer la diferencia:

Ejemplo:
- “𝘽𝙚𝙗é𝙨y 𝙢𝙖𝙢á𝙨 gratis”
- “Bebes y mamas gratis”

3- En lugar de 𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙠𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 podemos decir 𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙖𝙙𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙘𝙣𝙞𝙖.

4- Llevan “𝙃” las palabras que empiezan en 𝙞𝙖, 𝙞𝙚, 𝙪𝙚 y 𝙪𝙞.

5- “𝙃𝙖𝙗𝙚𝙧" es un verbo, “𝙖 𝙫𝙚𝙧" es de mirar.

6- “𝙃𝙖𝙞𝙜𝙖" sí existe, pero es un automóvil. Se dice “𝙃𝙖𝙮𝙖”.

7- “La calor” no existe, pero sí “la mar”.

8- Es “prever” y “previó”, no preveer ni preevió.

9- “Cantinflear” está en la RAE, significa hablar de manera incongruente sin llegar a nada.

10- Todas las palabras esdrújulas llevan acento.

11- Se pone “rr” entre vocales:
Ejemplo: prerrogativa.

12- Es “hubo” o “había”, no “hubieron” ni “habían”.
Ejemplo correcto: HUBO DOS PERSONAS.
Ejemplo incorrecto: HUBIERON DOS PERSONAS.

13- Los signos de admiración e interrogación tienen apertura.

14- Las palabras GRAVES que terminan en n, s o vocal no se acentúan.

15- NO terminan con “S” palabras como: viniste, dijiste, oliste, comiste, usaste

16- “Fue” y todos los monosílabos ya no llevan tilde.

17- Los números del uno al nueve se escriben con letras

18- El uso de la coma, sí es importante
Ejemplo: “Quiero darte mi amor.”
Ejemplo: “Quiero darte, mi amor”.

19- Es “a pesar” y “ o sea”, NO apesar y osea

20- “Hay”: del verbo haber; “ahí”: adverbio de lugar; “¡Ay!”: expresa emoción.

21- Se escriben con letra cursiva los extranjerismos y los títulos de obras.
Ejemplo: Don Quijote o Eterno resplandor de una mente sin recuerdos

22- ¿Mis amigos y yo” o “Yo y mis amigos”?. Siempre va el otro en primer lugar así que la manera correcta de decirlo es : “Mis amigos y yo”

23- ¿Delante de mi” o “delante mio?. Delante es un adverbio, es por eso que decir “delante mío “ es incorrecto

24- No es punto y final, sino punto final

25- Hay acrónimos que se pueden escribir con mayúscula inicial: Unesco, Otan, Unicef

𝘸𝘸𝘸.𝘦𝘭𝘤𝘪𝘶𝘥𝘢𝘥𝘢𝘯𝘰.𝘤𝘰𝘮 𝘸𝘸𝘸.𝘴𝘶𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧.𝘮𝘹

𝗟𝗔 𝗔𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗨𝗔𝗖𝗜𝗢𝗡. 𝗗𝗘𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗢𝗡. 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗜𝗙𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗖𝗜𝗢𝗡. 𝗧𝗜𝗣𝗢𝗦.

La acentuación es la parte de la ortografía que nos enseña a poner correctamente los acentos gráficos a las palabras.

𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗜𝗙𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗖𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗚Ú𝗡 𝗟𝗔 𝗔𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗨𝗔𝗖𝗜𝗢𝗡

Todas las palabras reciben un nombre, según cuál sea la sílaba en que se encuentra la vocal sobre la que se carga la voz. Recuerda que para contar las sílabas, lo hacemos desde el final de la palabra.

Ejemplo: Murciélago
– La sílaba final es la última sílaba (go).

– La que está antes que esta será la penúltima sílaba (la).

– La sílaba que la precede, la llamaremos antepenúltima sílaba(cié).

– Y la anterior a esta será simplemente la sílaba anterior a la antepenúltima (mur).

Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, podemos ver qué nombres reciben las palabras, según la sílaba en que se carga la voz.

𝙋𝙖𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙧𝙖𝙨 𝙖𝙜𝙪𝙙𝙖𝙨: son aquellas palabras en las que se carga la voz en la última sílaba. Ten presente que esto no significa que deban llevar tilde. Ejemplo: reloj, amaré, camión, Tomás, chofer, televisor, etc.

𝙋𝙖𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙧𝙖𝙨 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙨: son aquellas palabras en las que se carga la voz en la penúltima sílaba. La mayor parte de las palabras de nuestro idioma son graves. Ejemplo: lápiz, almuerzo, manzana, casa, Pérez, fácil, tiempo, mameluco, etc.

𝙋𝙖𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙧𝙖𝙨 𝙚𝙨𝙙𝙧ú𝙟𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙨: son aquellas palabras en las que se carga la voz en la antepenúltima sílaba.
Ejemplo: sábado, plátano, príncipe, témpano, Alcántara, sonámbulo, y hasta el nombre de este tipo de palabras: esdrújulas.

Como habrás notado, en este caso el acento coincide siempre con tilde.

𝙋𝙖𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙧𝙖𝙨 𝙨𝙤𝙗𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙙𝙧ú𝙟𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙨: son aquellas palabras en las que se carga la voz en la sílaba anterior a la antepenúltima; estas palabras no las usamos con mucha frecuencia, y en general corresponden a conjugaciones verbales.

Ejemplo: dígaselo, pásamela, tíramelo, etc.

Como habrás notado, en este caso el acento coincide siempre con tilde.

𝗧𝗜𝗣𝗢𝗦 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗦

Se llama acento a la mayor fuerza o intensidad con que pronunciamos una sílaba dentro de una palabra. Existen tres tipos de acento: 𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘀ó𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗼, 𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗼𝗴𝗿á𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗼 𝘆 𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗰𝗿í𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗼.

A. El 𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙨ó𝙙𝙞𝙘𝙤 solamente se pronuncia y no lleva marca visible sobre la sílaba acentuada o sílaba tónica.

Ejemplo: barco

B. El 𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙤 𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙤𝙜𝙧á𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙤 se representa por medio de un signo o tilde (´) sobre la sílaba tónica.

Ejemplo: helicóptero

C. El 𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙤 𝙙𝙞𝙖𝙘𝙧í𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙤 también se expresa con una tilde y su función es diferenciar el uso de palabras que tengan igual escritura.

Ejemplos: A las cinco de la tarde tomaremos el té. (Sustantivo: bebida)
Te aseguro que yo no he dicho nada. (Pronombre)

𝗔𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗨𝗔𝗖𝗜Ó𝗡 𝗚𝗥Á𝗙𝗜𝗖𝗔

Ahora, ya estamos en condiciones de aprender las reglas generales de acentuación gráfica, es decir, cuándo deben llevar tilde estas palabras.

𝘼𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙪𝙖𝙘𝙞ó𝙣 𝙜𝙧á𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙖 𝙙𝙚 𝙥𝙖𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙧𝙖𝙨 𝙖𝙜𝙪𝙙𝙖𝙨: las palabras agudas llevan tilde cuando terminan en 𝙫𝙤𝙘𝙖𝙡, o en las consonantes 𝙣 o 𝙨.

Ejemplos:
Amarró, lleva tilde, porque es una palabra aguda, terminada en 𝙫𝙤𝙘𝙖𝙡.

Canción, debe llevar tilde porque es aguda y termina en 𝙣.

Andrés, lleva tilde porque es aguda, terminada en 𝙨.

En cambio, palabras como amor, venid, coral, no deben llevar tilde, porque son palabras agudas -puesto que se carga la voz en la última sílaba-, 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘰 𝘯𝘰 𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘯 𝘦𝘯 𝘷𝘰𝘤𝘢𝘭, 𝘦𝘯 𝘯 𝘯𝘪 𝘦𝘯 𝘴.

𝗔𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗰𝗶ó𝗻 𝗴𝗿á𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮 𝗱𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘀 𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝘀: las palabras graves llevan tilde cuando terminan en cualquier consonante, 𝙚𝙭𝙘𝙚𝙥𝙩𝙤 𝙣 o 𝙨.

Ejemplos:
Césped, difícil, López, llevan tilde porque terminan en consonantes que 𝙣𝙤 𝙨𝙤𝙣 ni 𝙣 ni 𝙨.

En cambio, no lleva tilde la palabra grave nadaron, ya que termina en n, ni tampoco la palabra antes, porque termina en s.

Cuando una palabra grave termina en vocal, normalmente no lleva tilde.

Ejemplo: cama, gato, Chile, perro, etc.
De todas formas, en este aspecto se producen algunas excepciones.

𝗔𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗰𝗶ó𝗻 𝗴𝗿á𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮 𝗱𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘀 𝗲𝘀𝗱𝗿ú𝗷𝘂𝗹𝗮𝘀: con este tipo de palabras es imposible confundirse, ya que siempre llevan tilde. Es decir, todas las palabras que tengan el golpe de voz en la antepenúltima sílaba deben tildarse.

Ejemplos: Sábado, sílaba, penúltima, esdrújula, etc.

𝗔𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗰𝗶ó𝗻 𝗴𝗿á𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮 𝗱𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘀 𝘀𝗼𝗯𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗱𝗿ú𝗷𝘂𝗹𝗮𝘀: con este tipo de palabras ocurre lo mismo que con las palabras esdrújulas: siempre llevan tilde. Cada vez que en una palabra cargues la voz en la sílaba anterior a la antepenúltima, debes poner la tilde.

Ejemplos: Cállatelo, escóndesela, agrúpaselo, etc.

𝘸𝘸𝘸.𝘢𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘤𝘦𝘢60.𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘱𝘰𝘥.𝘤𝘰𝘮 𝘸𝘸𝘸.𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘰.𝘤𝘭.𝘤𝘰𝘮

𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗦 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗦 𝗗𝗘 𝗟𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗧É𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗔𝗜𝗦𝗘
(𝗣𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗶è𝗿𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗲)

On connaît la France pour sa cuisine, ses monuments, son goût en matière de mode mais aussi pour sa littérature. Véritable fierté nationale, découvrez les chefs d’œuvres indémodables.

𝙇𝙚𝙨 𝙁𝙡𝙚𝙪𝙧𝙨 𝙙𝙪 𝙈𝙖𝙡

Unique recueil de poèmes en vers de Baudelaire et pas des moindres. Cette œuvre symbolique représente à elle seule les penchants esthétiques et idéalistes du poète maudit, à travers la beauté, l’amour mais aussi le désespoir et son légendaire Spleen. Un incontournable!

𝙉𝙤𝙩𝙧𝙚-𝘿𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙙𝙚 𝙋𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙨

Le chef d’œuvre de Victor Hugo incarne la magnificence et le romantisme de l’époque à travers la passion tumultueuse vécue par ses personnages devenus légendaires, mais aussi par la cathédrale personnifiée de Notre-Dame, qui détient un rôle à part entière dans le roman.

𝘾𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙙𝙚 𝙤𝙪 𝙡’𝙤𝙥𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙞𝙨𝙢𝙚

Sans doute l’œuvre majeure de Voltaire ! Sous ses allures de conte philosophique, Candide ou l’optimisme porte un regard accusateur sur la société d’antan. Le livre est l’un des premiers que l’on étudie au lycée et l’un des rares à autant nous marquer…

𝙇𝙚𝙨 𝙈𝙞𝙨é𝙧𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚𝙨

Il fait partie du patrimoine littéraire français, ce n’est donc pas étonnant de retrouver Hugo dans ce classement: avec Les Misérables, l’écrivain prend le temps de nous présenter un monde, une époque à la façon d’un historien et d’un citoyen aux valeurs d’acier.

𝙇’É𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙧

L’Étranger représente pour beaucoup une œuvre clé, intemporelle, dans la définition de la pensée absurde mise en place par le génie de Camus. Un inconditionnel qui, derrière son récit bouleversant et le personnage énigmatique de Meursault, nous fait réfléchir sur ce qui nous rend humain.

𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗱𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲

Read the list below and we are sure you will find a lot of helpful tips to improve your English!

1- Don’t be afraid to make mistakes. Be confident. People can only correct your mistakes when they hear you make them.

2- Surround yourself in English. Put yourself in an English speaking environment where you can learn passively. The best way to learn is through speaking.

3- Practice every day. Make yourself a study plan. Decide how much time a week you are going to spend studying and stick to it. Establish a routine.

4- Tell your family and friends about your study plan. Get them to push you to study and also don’t let them interrupt you.

5- Practice the 4 core skills: reading, writing, speaking and listening. They all need to be worked on for you to improve.

6- Keep a notebook of new words you learn. Use them in sentences and try to say them at least 3 times when you speak.

7- Memorize lists is one of the most common ways of learning vocabulary for a test. It’s only a good exercise for short term studying because you often do not retain the information that you have learned for a test.

8- Give yourself a long term goal. Focus on working towards it.

9- Give yourself short term goals too and reward yourself when you achieve each one.

10- Create an atmosphere in which you want to learn, not because you have to. You’ll learn more when you’re learning because you want to.

11-Know what work best for you. Think about what methods have been successful for you in the past and stick with them.

12- Figure out how you learn. It can be by memorizing, reading, speaking, summarizing or other methods. Find out how you study best. It can be in a quiet place by yourself or with a group.

13- Get help! If you don’t understand something you’ve got to ask someone. Ask your teacher, classmates or friends for help.

14- Review and review and review! Make sure that you take the time to review things you have studied in the past.

15- Don’t be in such a hurry to move up a level. Concentrate on the level you are at now.

16- Watch DVDs rather than TV. It’s better to use something that you can watch over again to catch information you might have missed the first time.

17- Watching TV only gives you the chance to hear something correctly first time. This is better for high level students. It can be great practice for speaking to native English speakers so you don’t have to ask them to repeat themselves!

18- Read for the general meaning first. Don’t worry about understanding every word, then go back and look up new words.

19- For a word you don’t understand in a sentence, look at the other words around it. They will give you a hint. Try to guess the meaning from the context.

20- Learn root words. They’ll help you guess the meaning of words.

21-When you learn a new word, think of all its other forms: Beautiful (adjective), beauty (noun), beautifully (adverb).

22- Learn prefixes (dis-, un-, re-) and suffixes (-ly, -ment, -ful), these will help you to figure out the meaning of words and build your vocabulary.

23- English, unlike Japanese or French, uses word stress. For new words, count the syllables and find where the stress is. Only one stress per word and always on a vowel. Two syllable verbs have a stress on the second syllable (beGIN). 2 syllable nouns (TEAcher) and adjectives (HAPpy) stress the first.

24- Use English whenever you can. It’s as simple as that!

25- Don’t translate into English from your own language. Think in English to improve your fluency. Talk to yourself…but not on the bus otherwise people will think you have gone crazy!

26- The most natural way to learn grammar is through talking.

27- Sing your heart out! Show the world your beautiful voice! Learn English songs and sing along with them to improve fluency and intonation… anyone for Karaoke?

28- Get a pen friend or use chat-rooms, forums and community sites. If you can’t speak to someone in English, this is the next best thing.

29- Shadow English CDs. Listen to a few sentences then repeat what you heard. Focus on the rhythm and intonation.

30- Mirror CDs. Read out loud along with a CD. Again, this is great for intonation, pronunciation and rhythm.

31- Dictation. Listen to a CD or friend and write down what you hear.

32- Nobody likes to hear their own voice, but be brave and try it! Record your voice and listen to your pronunciation and intonation. It will help you to identify your problem areas.

33- Ask your helpful teacher if you can record his lesson. This is a great way to review. You can also listen to your teachers speaking speed and intonation.

34- Use an English/English dictionary as it will help you to keep thinking in English and not translating.

35- If an English/English dictionary seems scary, there are learner’s dictionaries for English students of your level.

www.langports.com

https://youtu.be/yPIJ1AysAsQ

Adverbes de Fréquence [Explications + activités] Aujourd'hui une petite explication des adverbes de fréquence et quelques exercices pour vous entraîner. Bon visionnage à tous !!! Exercice 1: https://learnin...

𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗟𝗦 𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗧 𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗗𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗕𝗘𝗦 𝗗𝗘 𝗙𝗥É𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘?

Voici quelques adverbes de fréquence courants :
𝙏𝙤𝙪𝙟𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙨, 𝙨𝙤𝙪𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩, 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙛𝙤𝙞𝙨, 𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙡𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙛𝙤𝙞𝙨, 𝙙𝙚 𝙩𝙚𝙢𝙥𝙨 𝙚𝙣 𝙩𝙚𝙢𝙥𝙨, 𝙧𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩, 𝙟𝙖𝙢𝙖𝙞𝙨, 𝙚𝙩𝙘.

𝗤𝘂’𝗲𝘀𝘁-𝗰𝗲 𝗾𝘂’𝘂𝗻 𝗮𝗱𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲 𝗱𝗲 𝗳𝗿é𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲?

Un adverbe de fréquence est un mot invariable qui indique à quelle fréquence se déroule l’action.

𝗟𝗮 𝗳𝗿é𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲

𝘖𝘣𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘦𝘻:
𝘛𝘰𝘶𝘫𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘴→ tout le temps:
Je vais toujours au travail en voiture.

𝘚𝘰𝘶𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘵:
Je vais souvent faire les courses dans ce magasin car il est en face de chez moi.

𝘋𝘦 𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘴 𝘦𝘯 𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘴:
Je vais au travail en voiture mais de temps en temps j’y vais à vélo.

𝘙𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵:
Je vois rarement des films au cinéma, j’achète le DVD.

𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘪𝘴:
Il joue parfois au tennis quand son cousin lui rend visite.

𝘗𝘢𝘴 𝘴𝘰𝘶𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘵:
Nous ne voyons pas souvent nos amis depuis que nous habitons à l’étranger.

𝘑𝘢𝘮𝘢𝘪𝘴:
Elle ne va jamais à la piscine car elle ne sait pas nager.

𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗧𝗢 𝗨𝗦𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 -𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠 𝗜𝗡 𝗘𝗡𝗚𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗛

While it sounds like you can use the -ing form for anything, there are specific ways to use it in different situations. Find out how (and when) to use the -ing form of a word in English.

The -ing form of a word can be used like a noun, a verb or an adjective.

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗢𝗨𝗡 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠 𝗢𝗙 -𝗜𝗡𝗚

When the -ing form is used as a noun, it modifies (or gives context to) a verb.

Example:
✓ Nohelia loves 𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙣𝙜. (used as an object; verb + -ing form)

𝘕𝘰𝘵𝘦: If the sentence says "Nohelia loves dance", then it is talking about dance as a concept, not as an action.

✓ She knows a lot 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙣𝙜.
(used as an object; verb + -ing form)

✓ 𝘿𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙣𝙜 is a good way to release stress.
(used as a subject; -ing form + noun)

In all of these examples, 𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙣𝙜 is a noun that the verb is referring to.

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗗𝗝𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠 𝗢𝗙 -𝗜𝗡𝗚

When it is used as an 𝙖𝙙𝙟𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚, the -ing form describes another noun.
(-ing form + noun)

Example:
✓ That movie had a 𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜 twist. (surprising describes the plot twist)

✓ He's a very 𝙚𝙭𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 player to watch.
(exciting describes the player)

✓ I read an 𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 book.
(inspiring describes the book)
𝘐𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘵: I read an inspire book.
𝘕𝘰𝘵𝘦: You could say "I read a book that inspired me."

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗕 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠 𝗢𝗙 -𝗜𝗡𝗚

When it is used as a verb, it signals that the tense is progressive, or continuous. It is used with the verbs "to be", or "to go". (verb + -ing form)

Example:
✓ I am 𝙬𝙖𝙡𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜 as fast as I can!
(this sentence is spoken while walking)
𝘐𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘵: I am walk as fast as I can!

✓ Alain was 𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 on the bench over there.
(He sat for a length of time in the past)
𝘕𝘰𝘵𝘦: If you write "Alain sat on the bench over there.", it would mean he had been on the bench at some point in his life, rather than during a specific situation/time.

✓ She will be 𝙗𝙖𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜 cookies tonight.
(She will bake cookies for a length of time in the future)
𝘐𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘵: She will be bake cookies tonight.
𝘕𝘰𝘵𝘦: "She will bake cookies tonight" is fine.

Generally, when speaking about a physical activity that you will do at a certain time, use "to go" + the -ing form:

✓ I'm going 𝙧𝙪𝙣𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜 after class.
𝘐𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘵: I'm go run after class.

✓ Matteo goes 𝙨𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜 when he's stressed.
𝘐𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘵: Matteo go shop when he's stressed.

✓ David will go 𝙗𝙤𝙬𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜 with his cousins this weekend.

𝗨𝗦𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗦 𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗜𝗡 -𝗜𝗡𝗚

𝗨𝗦𝗘𝗦 𝗘𝗫𝗔𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗦
𝘼𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨

𝘗𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵 Researchers 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜
on new ways to improve the
use of the laser.

𝘗𝘢𝘴𝘵 Neutron workers 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚
𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙮𝙯𝙞𝙣𝙜 the role of
neutron in the human
body.

𝘍𝘶𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 Doctors will 𝙗𝙚 𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜 laser
beams to cure more.
illness.

𝘕𝘰𝘶𝘯 𝘔𝘰𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘳𝘴
Einstein worked with an
𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙜 source of light to
prove his postulates.


𝗚𝗘𝗥𝗨𝗡𝗗
𝘚𝘶𝘣𝘫𝘦𝘤𝘵 𝙍𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 is a pleasure.

𝘖𝘣𝘫𝘦𝘤𝘵 A laser beam is used 𝙛𝙤𝙧
𝘰𝘧 𝘢 𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 eyes.
𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘰𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯

𝘖𝘣𝘫𝘦𝘤𝘵 𝘰𝘧 Love makes us 𝙛𝙚𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜
𝘢 𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘣 better.



https://www.kaplaninternational.com/blog/how-to-use-the-ing-form-in-english