Gear Kanooni

🏛️ APRIL 24 - The Day the Constitution Found Its "Soul".

Did you know that on April 24, 1973, the largest bench in Indian history delivered a seminal judgment that is as important even today as it was then ? It wasn't just a case about land reforms; it was the case that saved our democracy.

The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala verdict turns 53 today. For a law student or a judiciary aspirant, this isn't just a case name—it's the "North Star" of Indian Law.

Trivia you should know:

Full title: His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalavaru vs. State of Kerala.

The Bench: The largest ever - 13 Judges.

The Verdict: A razor-thin majority of 7:6.

The Doctrine: It gave us the 'Basic Structure Doctrine'.

The Rule: Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution (including Fundamental Rights), but it cannot touch its "Basic Structure."

💡 What is the "Basic Structure"?
The Court didn't give a final list, but think of it as the DNA of India:
✅ Secularism
✅ Federalism
✅ Democracy
✅ Judicial Review
✅ Supremacy of the Constitution

Judges in majority:
1. Chief Justice S.M.Sikri,
2. Justice J.M. Shelat,
3. Justice A.N.Grover,
4. Justice K.S. Hegde,
5. Justice A.K. Mukherjea,
6. Justice P. Jaganmohan Reddy, &
7. Justice H.R. Khanna.

Judges who dissented:
1. Justice A.N. Ray
2. Justice D.G. Palekar
3. Justice K.K.Mathew
4. Justice M.H.Beg
5. Justice S.N. Dwivedi
6. Justice Y.V. Chandrachud

This judgment didn't just limit Parliament; it balanced the "Power of the People" with the "Will of the Constitution".

To understand constitutional law better, one must also know the cases of A.K. Gopalan, Sankari Prasad, Sajjan Singh, and I.C. Golak Nath which are landmark precedents in the history of Indian constitutional law.

Coming Soon on Gear Kanooni: Audio-focussed lectures on YoutTube.

The Constitution (One Hundred and Thirty-first Amendment) Bill, 2026

We heard you DJS aspirants!

📚 Here’s a complete, updated collection of all 33 Bare Acts included in DJS syllabus - in one place! All updated. All free. All sourced from the official Govt. portal.

Don't rely on outdated bare acts from unreliable sources! We’ve done the work for you.

📚We’ve compiled all 33 bare acts for Delhi Judicial Service Exam —
✔ Updated versions
✔ Clean PDFs
✔ Everything in one place

⚡BONUS —
✔ Syllabus inlcuded
✔ Repealed Acts & their Repealing Acts included for reference purpose

Access everything here 👇
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1UBTJbDe8KfmHVYLSWqqL3lt1u8xUEuB6?usp=sharing]

Which subject do you find the toughest to revise? Drop a comment below 👇
We might make a short explanation video on it!

Let us know if you need compiled Bare Acts for any other Exams !

UP-HJS aspirants: Stop wasting hours searching for updated bare acts !

📚 Here’s a complete, updated collection of all 59 Bare Acts included in UP HJS syllabus - in one place! All updated. All free. All sourced from the official Govt. portal.

Don't rely on outdated bare acts from unreliable sources! We’ve done the work for you.

📚We’ve compiled all 59 bare acts for UP Higher Judicial Service —
✔ Updated versions
✔ Clean PDFs
✔ Everything in one place

⚡BONUS: syllabus inlcuded.

Access everything here 👇 [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1t9b0XFmMJQI3xRmeqh_Y2MmyBKCHJqSq?usp=drive_link]

Which subject do you find the toughest to revise? Drop a comment below 👇
We might make a short explanation video on it!

Let us know if you need compiled Bare Acts for any other Exams !

Delhi HJS aspirants: Stop wasting hours searching for updated bare acts ! 📚

Here’s a complete, updated collection of all 49 Bare Acts included in Delhi HJS syllabus - in one place!

All updated. All free. All sourced from the official Govt. portal.

Don't rely on outdated bare acts from unreliable sources! We’ve done the work for you.

📚We’ve compiled all 49 bare acts for Delhi Higher Judicial Service —
✔ Updated versions
✔ Clean PDFs
✔ Everything in one place

⚡BONUS: the 4 new labour codes.

Access everything here 👇
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1K7H8R9MSql2JYQHZ6I2gTkngHTCipCz0?usp=sharing]

Which subject do you find the toughest to revise? Drop a comment below 👇 We might make a short explanation video on it!

Let us know if you need compiled Bare Acts for any other Exams !

🎉 Celebrating Another Year of Gear Kanooni! ⚖️📚

7 years ago, on 28.12.2018, we launched Gear Kanooni with a simple but strong purpose that was conceptualized way back in 2014 — to make law easier, clearer, and more accessible for students and aspirants preparing for competitive legal examinations.

Today, as we mark our anniversary, we are grateful for every learner who has trusted this platform for conceptual clarity, legal updates, and exam-oriented insights. Your support, engagement, and curiosity keep this journey meaningful.

We remain committed to sharing quality legal content, simplifying complex provisions, and helping you stay exam-ready in an ever-evolving legal landscape.

Thank you for being part of the Gear Kanooni community. Here’s to many more years of learning, law, and growth together. ⚖️✨

📘 Stay curious. Stay consistent. Stay geared up with Gear Kanooni.

🎉 Celebrating Another Year of Gear Kanooni! ⚖️📚

7 years ago, on 28.12.2018, we launched Gear Kanooni with a simple but strong purpose that was conceptualized way back in 2014 — to make law easier, clearer, and more accessible for students and aspirants preparing for competitive legal examinations.

Today, as we mark our anniversary, we are grateful for every learner who has trusted this platform for conceptual clarity, legal updates, and exam-oriented insights. Your support, engagement, and curiosity keep this journey meaningful.

We remain committed to sharing quality legal content, simplifying complex provisions, and helping you stay exam-ready in an ever-evolving legal landscape.

Thank you for being part of the Gear Kanooni community. Here’s to many more years of learning, law, and growth together. ⚖️✨

📘 Stay curious. Stay consistent. Stay geared up with Gear Kanooni.


Iti Johri Devesh Ratan

Law of Evidence - Short Notes by Gear Kanooni - BSA Sec. 2(1)(d).

Section 2(1)(d) of BSA defines 'document'. The definition has been expanded, as compared to the definition of 'document' in Sec. 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA).

Under BSA as well as IEA, the word document means and includes all kinds of writing, inscriptions, and any matter that is recorded upon any substance; e.g. - a map, a writing, a photograph, printed text, an inscription on metal or stone, a caricature, a drawing etc.

Under BSA, additionally, "electronic and digital records" are also 'document'. Thus, for instance, any document on a computer, laptop, or a mobile phone are 'documents' for the purpose of BSA. Even messages and imaged stored on a mobile phone, emails, any text on websites, are also included in the definition of 'document'.

Moreover, even voice messages, video or audio recordings stored in any device or server, are also 'documents'.

Law of Evidence - Short Notes by Gear Kanooni - BSA Sec. 1(2).

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 w.e.f. July 1, 2024. It applies to all "judicial proceedings" in/before any 'court' including courts-martial. Therefore, any proceeding which is not 'judicial' in nature is not bound to follow the provisions of BSA.

BSA does not apply to: (a) affidavits, & (b) arbitration proceedings.

(a) Even though affidavits are used in evidence, the affidavit itself is not governed by the provisions of BSA. Affidavits in civil proceedings are governed by Sec. 30(c) & Order XIX of CPC 1908. In criminal proceedings , affidavits are governed by Sec. 331-333 of BNSS 2023 [earlier Sec. 295-297 of CrPC 1973].

(b) Even though an arbitrator is legally authorised to take evidence, the arbitration proceedings are not bound by the rigours of the BSA.