06/23/2026
Did you know?
On June 22, 1954, a 20-year-old Black domestic worker named Sarah Mae Flemming boarded a city bus at the corner of Main and Taylor Streets in Columbia, South Carolina, on her way to work.
When a white rider vacated a seat near the front of the bus, Flemming sat down.
The driver—a white man vested by South Carolina law with the powers of a deputy sheriff—accused her of sitting in the whites-only section and ordered her up.
Humiliated, Flemming signaled to get off at the next stop.
When she tried to exit the front door, the driver blocked her and punched her in the abdomen, forcing her out the rear door.
She was 17 months ahead of Rosa Parks.
Flemming was raised on a 188-acre family farm in Eastover, South Carolina, and worked two jobs as a maid in Columbia.
After the assault, South Carolina NAACP secretary Modjeska Simkins helped her secure a white attorney, Philip Wittenberg, who filed Flemming v. South Carolina Electric and Gas in federal district court the following month, arguing the bus company had violated her Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection.
The case landed before Judge George Bell Timmerman, Sr., an avowed segregationist, who dismissed it under Plessy v. Ferguson.
The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed him on July 14, 1955, ruling that the principles articulated in Brown v. Board of Education—decided just five weeks before Flemming's bus ride—applied to public transportation as well as to schools.
The Supreme Court declined to take up the bus company's appeal in 1956.
Timmerman dismissed the case a second time.
The Fourth Circuit reversed him again.
When the case finally reached trial in June 1957, with Thurgood Marshall and Robert L. Carter joining her legal team, an all-white, all-male jury deliberated for thirty minutes and found for the bus company.
Flemming lost.
Her case nonetheless desegregated Columbia's buses and was cited as binding precedent in Browder v. Gayle, the lawsuit that ended the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the federal ruling that finished the legal work Rosa Parks had begun.
Flemming gave few interviews afterward.
Asked in 1956 about the Supreme Court's refusal to hear SCE&G's appeal, she said only that she had not ridden a city bus since the day the driver hit her, and never would again.
She married John Brown, had three children, and died of complications from diabetes in 1993, less than two weeks shy of her 60th birthday.
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