27/03/2026
Contextual vs Empirical Research Problems
A contextual research problem arises from real-world situations, practical gaps, or observable challenges within a specific setting. It answers “what is happening in practice?”
An empirical research problem emerges from gaps in existing studies or inconsistent findings in literature. It answers “what is not yet proven or understood scientifically?”
Below is how both relate to selecting a good research problem:
1. Significance to the discipline
A good problem should contribute knowledge or solve a real issue.
• Contextual: Low insurance uptake in Kenya despite awareness campaigns.
• Empirical: Limited evidence on how digital platforms influence insurance adoption.
2. Originality
The problem should offer new insights or perspectives.
• Contextual: Studying SACCO savings behavior among teachers in rural areas.
• Empirical: Testing whether financial literacy moderates savings behavior.
3. Feasibility
The study must be practical in terms of time, data, and resources.
• Contextual: Accessing SACCO members for data collection.
• Empirical: Availability of measurable variables (e.g., savings rates, literacy scores).
4. Administrative support
Approval and access from institutions are essential.
• Contextual: Permission from a SACCO or organization.
• Empirical: Access to datasets or institutional records.
5. Peer support
The topic should be acceptable and relevant within academic or professional circles.
• Contextual: Aligns with ongoing sector challenges.
• Empirical: Builds on or challenges existing scholarly work.
6. Availability of subjects
Participants or data sources must be accessible.
• Contextual: Teachers, farmers, or customers in a given region.
• Empirical: Respondents or datasets suitable for statistical analysis.
Simple Takeaway
A strong research problem combines both:
• A contextual issue (real-world gap)
• An empirical gap (missing or unclear evidence)
👉 Example combined statement:
“Despite increased financial literacy programs (contextual issue), little empirical evidence exists on their effect on SACCO savings behavior among teachers in Kenya.”
NOTE:
• MBAs are mostly expected to focus on contextual (social) problem.
• MSCs and PhDs focus on empirical (research gap) problem.
• However, most theses reflect commitments to address both problems.
• It is advisable to use statistics to support the contextual problem and cite studies to justify the empirical problem.
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