Practical Research 2: Exploring Quantitative Research

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Practical Research 2: Exploring Quantitative Research Step-by-step process of quantitative research. It aims to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

About the book:
This book features the step-by-step process of quantitative research. It aims to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Contents:
CHAPTER 1 – Nature of Inquiry and Research
CHAPTER 2 – Identifying Inquiry and Formulating Statement of the Problem
CHAPTER 3 – Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature
CHAPTER 4 – Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data
CHAPTER 5 – Finding Answers through Data Collection
CHAPTER 6 – Reporting and Sharing Findings

Bias (systematic error) – a factor which systematically affects the results of a study. Deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Sources of bias to look for are -
• Selection bias – systematic differences in the groups being compared caused by incomplete randomization (allocation stage). Selection bias occurs when there are differences between the two treatment groups in prognosis or responsiveness to treatment. Randomization of large numbers of patients with concealment of their allocation to different groups protects against this bias.
• Performance bias – systematic differences in the care provided apart from the intervention being evaluated (intervention stage). Performance bias occurs if the intervention and control groups receive different care in addition to treatment. Standardization of the care protocol and blinding of clinicians and participants protects against this bias.
• Exclusion bias – systematic differences in withdrawals / exclusions of people from the trial (follow up stage). OR
• Attrition bias occurs where withdrawals or exclusions of participants (e.g. because of side effects of the intervention) are excluded from the analysis. Inclusion of such participants in the analysis (in combination with a sensitivity analysis) protects against this bias.
• Detection bias – systematic differences in the ways outcomes are assessed (outcomes stage). OR
• Measurement bias occurs if there are systematic differences in the assessment of the two groups. Blinding of study participants and outcome assessors protects against this bias.
• Publication bias – papers with more ‘interesting’ results more likely to be - Submitted and accepted for publication; Published in major journals; Published in English; Cited by other authors. To limit it, authors should include unpublished and foreign- language studies.

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