Nurse Ela MB

🩶Pls hindi ito nawawala sa exam kaya tandaan.🩶

💟A tort is a civil wrong made against a person or property. Torts may be classified as unintentional or intentional.

💟Unintentional tort is negligence or malpractice.

💟Negligence -conduct falls below standard of care i.e. taking a stop sign

💟Malpractice: is negligence committed by a professional such as a nurse or physician.

💟Intentional torts are willful acts that violate another’s rights. Examples are assault, battery, invasion of privacy and defamation of character.

* Assault -verbal or offensive contact i.e. threaten to give injection w/o consent.

*Battery -any intentional touching w/o consent i.e. actually give injection.

* Invasion of Privacy

* Intrusion on seclusion

* Appropriation of name

* Publication of private or embarrassing facts

* Publicly placing one in a false light

* Defamation of Character -publication of false statements that result on damage to a person’s reputation.

* Malice -person knows information is false and still publishes it.

* Slander -if statement is ORAL.
* Libel -if statement is WRITTEN

✅A crime committed by a nurse will be considered a malpractice.
Example: A misuse of controlled substances.

Future RNs, ito na ang newest and pinaka updated, annual edition ng nle reviewer natin the "green book" , for cod you may order po sa link, 100 pcs lang po available, habol na, guaranteed legit , lahat ng green book since year 2022 ay talagang reliable and highly recommended. ゚

Nursing mnemonics you need to know.

😍💚NURSING LAWS that you need to know.......(by Sir Jaydee E. Pacion)💚💚

• R.A. 9173 – The Philippine Nursing Act of 2002
• R.A. 7164 – The Philippine Nursing Act of 1991
• Act 2808 of 1919 – The 1st True Nursing Law; regulated nursing only and established Board of Examiners, the precursor to the Board of Nursing
• Act 2493 of 1915 – The 1st Nursing Law; regulated both medicine and nursing
• R.A. 877 of 1953 – The 1st Comprehensive Nursing Law; regulated the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing and made nursing into a profession
• R.A. 4704 of 1966 – increased the number of the Board of Examiners from 3 to 5
• R.A. 6136 of 1970 – allowed nurses to perform IM injections without supervision from doctors
• R.A. 349 – Legalizes the use of human organs for surgical, medical and scientific purposes
• R.A. 1054 – Free emergency, medical and dental assistance to employees and laborers
• R.A. 1080 – Civil Service Eligibility
• R.A. 1082 – Rural Health Unit Act
• R.A. 1136 – Act recognizing the Division of Tuberculosis in the DOH
• R.A. 1612 – Privilege Tax/Professional tax/omnibus tax should be paid January 31 of each year
• R.A. 1891 – Act strengthening Health and Dental services in the rural areas
• R.A. 2382 – Philippine Medical Act which regulates the practice of medicines in the Philippines
• R.A. 2644 – Philippine Midwifery Act
• R.A. 3019 – Graft and Corruption Practice Act
• R.A. 3573 – Law on reporting of Communicable Diseases
• R.A. 4073 – Liberalized treatment of Leprosy
• R.A. 4226 – Hospital Licensure Act requires all hospital to be licensed before it can be operative
• R.A. 4419 – Philippine Dentistry Act of 1965
• R.A. 5181 – Act prescribing permanent residence and reciprocity as qualifications for any examination or registration for the practice of any profession in the Philippines
• R.A. 5821 – The Pharmacy Act
• R.A. 5901 – 40 hours work for hospital workers
• R.A. 6111 – Medicare Act
• R.A. 6365 – Established a National Policy on Population and created the Commission on population
• R.A. 6511 – Act to standardize the examination and registration fees charged by the National Boards, and for other purposes.
• R.A. 6571 – Requirement of fees for exams
• R.A. 6675 – Generics Act of 1988
• R.A. 6713 – Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees
• R.A. 6725 – Act strengthening the prohibition on discrimination against women with respect to terms and condition of employment
• R.A. 6727 – Wage Rationalization Act
• R.A. 6758 – Standardized the salaries
• R.A. 6809 – Majority age is 18 years old
• R.A. 6972 – Day care center in every Barangay
• R.A. 7160 – Local Government Code
• R.A. 7170 – Law that govern organ donation
• R.A. 7192 – Women in development nation building
• R.A. 7277 – Magna Carta of Disabled Persons
• R.A. 7305 – The Magna Carta of Public Health Workers
• R.A. 7392 – Philippine Midwifery Act of 1992
• R.A. 7432 – Senior Citizen Act
• R.A. 7600 – Rooming In and Breastfeeding Act of 1992
• R.A. 7610 – Special protection of children against abuse, exploitation and discrimination act
• R.A. 7624 – Drug Education Law
• R.A. 7641 – New Retirement Law
• R.A. 7658 – An act prohibiting the employment of children below 15 years of age
• R.A. 7659 – Death Penalty for Heinous Crimes
• R.A. 7719 – National Blood Service Act of 1994
• R.A. 7846 – Compulsory Immunization of HepB within 24 hours of birth
• R.A. 7875 – National Health Insurance Act of 1995
• R.A. 7876 – Senior Citizen Center of every Barangay
• R.A. 7877 – Anti-sexual harassment Act of 1995
• R.A. 7883 – Barangay Health workers Benefits and Incentives Act of 1992
• R.A. 8042 – Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act of 1995
• R.A. 8172 – Asin Law or Salt Iodization Act
• R.A. 8187 – Paternity Leave Act of 1995
• R.A. 8203 – Special Law on Counterfeit Drugs
• R.A. 8282 – Social Security Law of 1997 (amended RA 1161)
• R.A. 8291 – Government Service Insurance System Act of 1997 (amended PD 1146)
• R.A. 8344 – Hospital Doctors to treat emergency cases referred for treatment
• R.A. 8423 – Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Medicine
• R.A. 8424 – Personal tax Exemption
• R.A. 8749 – The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
• R.A. 8981 – PRC Modernization Act of 2000
• R.A. 9003 – Solid Waste Management Law
• R.A. 9048 – Gionigudo Act, misspelled birth certificate
• R.A. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act 2002
• R.A. 9255 – Revilla Law, illegitimate use of father’s name
• R.A. 9262 – Act Defining Violence against Women and Their Children
• R.A. 9267 – Expanded Senior Citizens Act
• R.A. 9288 – Newborn Screening Act
• R.A. 9439 – Hospital Detention Law; no person shall be held in the hospital against his/her own will if he/she is unable to pay her hospital bill, a promissory note and agreement for payment terms should be made instead
• P.D. 46 – An act making it punishable for any public officials or employee, whether of the national or local government, to receive directly or indirectly any gifts or valuable things
• P.D. 48 – Limits benefits of paid maternity leave privileges to four children
• P.D. 69 – Limits the number of children to four (4) tax exemption purposes
• P.D. 79 – Population Commission
• P.D. 116 – Strengthening Family Planning
• P.D. 147 – Declares April and May as National Immunization Day
• P.D. 148 – Regulation on Woman and Child Labor Law
• P.D. 166 – Strengthened Family Planning program by promoting participation of private sector in the formulation and implementation of program planning policies
• P.D. 169 – Requiring Attending Physician and/or persons treating injuries resulting from any form of violence
• P.D. 223 – Professional Regulation Commission
• P.D. 442 – Labor Code Promotes and protects employees self-organization and collective bargaining rights. Provision for a 10% night differential pay for hospital workers
• P.D. 491 – Nutrition Program
• P.D. 539 – Declaring last week of October every as Nurse’s Week.
• P.D. 541 – Allowing former Filipino professionals to practice their respective professions in the Philippines so they can provide the latent and expertise urgently needed by the homeland
• P.D. 568 – Role of Public Health midwives has been expanded after the implementation of the Restructured Health Care Delivery System (RHCDS)
• P.D. 603 – Child and Youth Welfare Act / Provision on Child Adoption
• P.D. 626 – Employee Compensation and State Insurance Fund. Provide benefits to person covered by SSS and GSIS for immediate injury, illness and disability
• P.D. 651 – All births and deaths must be registered 30 days after delivery
• P.D. 825 – Providing penalty for improper disposal garbage and other forms of uncleanliness and for other purposes
• P.D. 851 – 13th Month pay
• P.D. 856 – Code of Sanitation
• P.D. 965 – Requiring applicants for Marriage License to receive instruction on family planning and responsible parenthood
• P.D. 996 – Provides for compulsory basic immunization for children and infants below 8 years of age; Expanded Program for Immunization
• P.D. 1083 – Muslim Holidays
• P.D. 1146 – New GSIS Law
• P.D. 1359 – A law allowing applicants for Philippine citizenship to take Board Examination pending their naturalization
• P.D. 1519 – Gives medicare benefits to all government employees regardless of status of appointment
• P.D. 1636 – requires compulsory membership in the SSS and self-employed
• P.D. 3200 – Professional Regulatory Code of the Philippines
• P.D. 4226 – Hospital Licensure Act
• E.O. 51 – The Milk Code
• E.O. 174 – National Drug Policy on Availability, Affordability, Safe, Effective and Good Quality drugs to all
• E.O. 180 – Government Workers Collective Bargaining Rights Guidelines on the right to Organize of government employee
• E.O. 203 – List of regular holidays and special holidays
• E.O. 209 – The Family Code
• E.O. 220 – Code of Good Governance for Professionals
• E.O. 226 – Command responsibility
• E.O. 503 – Provides for the rules and regulations implementing the transfer of personnel, assets, liabilities and records of national agencies whose functions are to be devoted to the local government units
• E.O. 857 – Compulsory Dollar Remittance Law
• Proclamation No.6 – UN’s goal of Universal Child Immunization; involved NGO’s in the immunization program
• Proclamation No. 118 – Professional Regulation Week is June 16 to 22
• Proclamation No. 499 – National AIDS Awareness Day
• Proclamation No. 539 – Nurse’s Week – Every third week of October
• Proclamation No. 949 – Primary Health Care Treatment
• Proclamation No. 1275 – Declaring the third week of October every year as “Midwifery Week”
• LOI 47 – Directs all school of medicine, nursing, midwifery and allied medical professions and social work to prepare, plan and implement integration of family planning in their curriculum to require their graduate to take the licensing examination
• LOI 949 – Act on health and health related activities must be integrated with other activities of the overall national development program
• LOI 1000 – Government agencies should be given preference to members of the accredited professional organization when hiring
• Administrative Order 114 – Revised/updated the roles and functions of the Municipal Health Officers, Public Health Nurses and Rural Midwives
• ILO Convention 149 – Provides the improvement of life and work conditions of nursing personnel
• BON Resolution #8 of 1994 – IV administration training program

Future RN, read this.
゚viralシ

❤️How to Pass the NLE Board Exam on Your First Take

🌟7 honest, proven tips to help nursing graduates pass the Philippine Nurse Licensure Examination on their first attempt through self-review

Ctto LisensyaPrep

What the NLE Actually Tests

The PNLE is a competency-based exam administered by the PRC Board of Nursing. It does not just test memorization — it tests your ability to think like a nurse and apply the nursing process to realistic clinical scenarios.

The exam has two major parts:

Part 1 — Community Health Nursing (CHN): 100 items covering care of individuals, families, population groups, and community settings. Most underestimate this — and most regret it.

Part 2 — Clinical Nursing (Parts A, B, C): 400 items across medical-surgical nursing, maternal and child health, psychiatric nursing, and other major clinical areas.

To pass, you need a general weighted average of at least 75%, with no individual subject falling below 60%.

🌟7 Tips That Actually Help You Pass on the First Take

1. Start With Your Weakest Subject, Not Your Favorite

Your passing score is dragged down by your weakest subject, not lifted by your strongest. In Week 1, take a 50-item diagnostic per subject and identify where you are consistently scoring below 60%. That is where your first month goes.

2. Use the Nursing Process as Your GPS

No matter what question appears — if you understand the nursing process deeply (Assessment → Diagnosis → Planning → Implementation → Evaluation) — you can work through almost any unfamiliar scenario.

Train yourself to ask: "What step of the nursing process is this question testing?" That single habit eliminates dozens of wrong answers.

3. Build a 12-Week Study Schedule and Stick to It
Week Focus
|------|-------|

1–2 Diagnostic tests for all subjects. Map your strengths and gaps.
3–6 Deep review of clinical subjects — one per week. Study rationales, not just answers.
7–8 Community Health Nursing — give this more time than you think it needs.
9–10 Full-length mock exams (100–200 items per session). Simulate real exam conditions.
11–12 Light review, rest, and final mock board.

Aim for 4 to 5 focused hours per day. A distracted 8-hour session is worth less than a disciplined 4-hour one.

4. Prioritize Rationale Over Memorization

When you get a practice question wrong, do not just highlight the right answer and move on. Read the rationale, understand the nursing principle behind it, and connect it to a real clinical situation.

5. Do at Least 3,000 Practice Questions Before Exam Day

That works out to roughly 250 questions per week over 12 weeks. Use subject-specific drills in the first half, then full mock boards in the second half. Time yourself — the NLE gives you about 1 minute per item.

6. Do Not Skip Drug Calculations and CHN Statistics

These show up on every NLE cycle, without fail. Drug calculation questions appear under medical-surgical nursing. Vital statistics and epidemiology questions anchor the CHN section. Spend at least 2 hours per week on calculations throughout your review.

7. Protect Your Sleep in the Final 2 Weeks

Sleep is when your brain consolidates what you have reviewed. Cramming the night before the exam is one of the fastest ways to blank out during the actual test. In the final two weeks, cap your daily review at 3 to 4 hours and sleep at least 7 hours a night.

❤️TEST TAKING STRATEGIES❤️
Future RNs pls take note.


💟Elimination.
I think, you are already familiar with this. For the given choices, kelangan mo lang mananggal ng hindi kailangan, most of the time, you will end up with 2 remaining choices (which is mahirap na part). Sometimes, you need background sa topic but most of the time you need your instinct! So just trust your self ❣️

💟 Umbrella effect.
Well, you need to see first all the choices then you'll realize something fishy (lol). yung tatlong choices ay specified while ung isa masyadong generalized so pansinin mo lang if yung tatlo ay related ba dun sa generalized na choice (this is not applicable all the time haa🤣)

💟 Prioritization
✔️Assessment first!!
Take note sa power ng ADPIE/ADOPIE ha, very basic na yan. Madaming lumalabas na question na napapaoverthink ka pero assessment lang pala ang sagot😉
✔️ABC (airway breathing circu)
Always remember to prioritize first ang airway ng patients and patients na may problem sa Airway ❣️ but NOT ALL THE TIME, baka mamaya may lumabas jan na Sickle cell anemia prioritization tas may Oxygenation na lumabas yun sinagot nyo kasi ABC daw, Oh No. There are also diseases na kahit nagkaproblema na sa Airway, hindi parin yun priority 😉
✔️Triage
Alam nyo na dapat sino uunahin nyo na patient haa 😁

❤️Know your strategy
This is about how you handle the question. Guguhitan mo ba, with action ba while reading, papagalitan ba ang question, it depends na sa inyo.
But I suggest, if you'll take NLE, better to play with the question with your pencil ❣️❣️ bilogan ang important words, underline ang helpful na words lagyan ng star ang statement like
✳️Select all that apply
✳️Is NOT
✳️Best
✳️Initial action
✳️Priority
And, madami pa. Well depende na yan sa inyo kung pano nyo e handle, if you want it with action while reading then go! Wag lang subrahan, baka magalit si proctor.

💟Don't hate the question
Baka mapamura kayo pag nakita nyo na exam haa (swear, madaming instances ang ganyn) your emotion will contribute also during the exam, it's good to have happy flying hormones & neurotrans with you while answering, Positivity will follow you ❣️❣️❣️ if you'll encounter questions na hindi mo alam, smile lang and say "Thank u B.O.N. ha, thank you. Aylabyo" jk🤣

💟Time management
As usual, skip ang hindi mo alam, pero pag na skip mo na lahat ng question🤣, its time to trust your instinct! (Yan parati ngyayari) what comes on your mind first, yun na isagot mo. Galing kasi yung sagot na yun sa subconscious mind mo na POSSIBLE na daanan nya na ang topic na yun
👎Don't stick with 1 question "familiar sakin to!!, Wait lang haa... San ko nga to nabasa, wait.. ummm, wait.. hmmm" Swear, it'll burn your time, balikan mo nalang.

💟Know your job description
As a nurse, what is your limitation? Ano lang pwede mong gawin at hindi?
°•*Pero aminin, may ibang mga question talagang mapapamura ka dahil iba iba ang sagot! Sa isang tanong, pwedeng mag bigay ng gamot without doctor's order, sa isa naman, ALMOST same ng question pero di pwedeng mag bgay ng gamot, at dapat NURSING action lang. Hahay!!*•°
Also, you must know
✳️Delegations
✳️whom to approach
✳️Organizations
In short, balikan nyo leadership and management 👌🏿

💟Don't overthink
Isa sa nakakasira sa pagsagot ng exam
"Baka ito, kasi ganito at ganyan. Pag ganito kasi, gangyan ganyan"
Naku, maling sagot na pala yun. So, do not analyze TOO MUCH or else, 😶

💟Know your B.O.N.
Lam nyo na yan, baka nag FOCUS kayo sa isang subject, hindi pala yan area ng B.O.N. at ng mga NPs.

💟lastly, RELAX!! Optimism attracts Positivity! "Nakuu, ang dali ng exam, RN na this!!" Iwas iwas kayo sa mga taong "beshiee, hindi nako papasa, huhu ang hirap, ayoko na. Anong sagot mo sa num 1?" 👎

And ofcourse, hindi mo yan ma aapply, kung hindi mo pinag practisan!! You'll learn moooore strategies once you'll know how your brain works 😉😉😉
So at the end, it will ALL depend on you parin!! 🔥🔥🔥

Oh dibaa, so yan lang muna 🤗🤗 ang haba na kasi🤣

Good luck NURSES

Hard bound♥️

2026 PNLE TAKERS!!


NLE / SPLE EXAM TIPS AND STRATEGIES.

👉To pass nursing exams, master key strategies like careful reading for keywords ("first," "best," "requires intervention"), using the Process of Elimination, prioritizing patient safety (ABCs, Maslow), and rephrasing questions to find the core issue.

👉Develop a strong study plan with practice questions, avoid cramming, manage stress with breaks, and always choose client-focused, research-based answers, trusting your clinical judgment over emotion.

🩷Before the Exam (Study & Prep)

1.Create a Study Plan:

2.Organize topics, use flashcards/cram sheets, and identify tough concepts to quiz yourself on daily.

3.Practice Questions: Do tons of practice questions, treating them like mini-tests.

4.Form Study Groups: Work with peers for motivation and different perspectives.

5.Know Your Style: Understand how you learn best (visual, auditory, etc.).

6.Manage Stress: Get rest, eat well, and plan to arrive early.

🩷During the Exam (Answering Questions)

1.Read Carefully: Don't skim; look for keywords like "most," "best," "initial," "requires intervention," "always," "never".

2.Rephrase the Question: Ask yourself, "What is this question really asking?".

3.Use the Process of Elimination: Cross out clearly wrong answers.

4.Prioritize: Use ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) and Maslow's Hierarchy for patient care questions.

5.Focus on Safety: Choose answers that protect the patient from harm.

6.Watch for Absolutes: Terms like "always" or "never" are often incorrect.

7.SATA (Select All That Apply): Treat each option as a true/false statement.

8.Trust Your Gut (Mostly): Don't change your answer unless you're sure you misread the question; your first instinct is often right.

9.Stay Client-Focused: Answer as a nurse, not based on personal feelings or what feels "nice".

# #🩷Final Tips
1.Don't Leave Blanks (If No Penalty): Make an educated guess.

2.Stay Focused: Concentrate on one question at a time.

3.Don't Study at the Test: Relax, listen to music, or pray while waiting.

2.org

❤️ NURSING ETHICS ❤️




A--B--A--C--D--D--A--C--D--C
1. The nurse is admitting a client with complains of severe headache & weakness of the left side of the body a day prior to admission. Certain lab tests & procedures are ordered & the nurse obtains informed consent. Which of the ff principles applies?
✔️a. Autonomy
❌b. Justice
❌c. Nonmaleficence
❌d. Beneficence

Note:
📌Keywords - Informed Consent

2. A man driving his motorcycle slides but manages to go to the hospital for treatment. He suffers minor abrasions & contusions. The attending nurse applies hydrogen peroxide & 10% solution of betadine to the injured bodily areas along with other meds. The application of antiseptic is painful. Now, the pt experiences pain out of the said health care intervention. This is morally permissible under?
❌a. Paternalism
✔️b. Double Effect
❌c. Beneficence
❌d. Nonmalificence

Note:
📌Double effect (Good & Bad effect)
Application of antiseptic is painful but will prevent from infection.

3. Mrs Samson is an 85 yr old woman who has been hispitalized due to a UTI & dehydration. She has Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis & a tendency to wander. She has an IV in her left forearm, which was difficult to establish. Concerned that Mrs Samson might pull her IV & wander off the floor, the staff is considering the possibility if using restraint on Mrs Samson; however she repeatedly declares that she does not want to be restrained. The staff is faced with an ethical dilemma of autonomy vs?
✔️a. Beneficence
❌b. Veracity
❌c. Fidelity
❌d. Justice

Note:
📌Keywords #1: Pt does not want to be restrained (Autonomy)
📌Keywords #2: using restraint to protect from pulling IV & wandering off (Beneficence).
👉Ethical Dilemma-Patient's Rights vs. Nurse Responsibility..

4. The medical unit where the nurse is assigned is experiencing staffing shortage. Assigned to her is a terminally ill client on palliative care along with severe critically ill clients. She decides to manage her time so that quality care is not compromised. Which of the ff examples illustrates this situation?
❌a. Slippery Slope-fallacy of event that states that one event happened bcoz one event occured.
❌b. Implication of the nurse-client game
✔️c. Standard of due care
❌d. Ethical Dilemma

5. The nurse witnesses her friend commit medication error. She believes that the situation must be reported to her supervisor but her nurse friend prevails upon her not to report the event. Although she felt uneasy, she covered up the error. In this situation the nurse experienced?
❌a. Social injustice(society is involved)
❌b. Paternalism
❌c. Indignation-anger aroused by something uneasy/unfair.
✔️d. Moral suffering-occurs when one knows the ethically correct action to take but feels powerless to take that action.

6. A nurse in the pedia unit who has been recognized for her efficiency & dedication in the care of clients has become the subject of intimidation & harassment from fellow nurses. Which of the ff characterizes this action perpetuated by the nurses?
❌a. Unavoidable trust-pt has no choice but to trust the HC provider when they need care.
❌b. Intentional refraining
❌c. Sympathetic joy-opposite of tall poppy (being happy to achievement of others)
✔️d. Tall Poppy Syndrome-a tendency to discredit or disparage any person who has achieved success in public life..

NURSING INFORMATICS (7-10)
7. The ANA recognized nursing informatics heralding its establishment as a new field in nursing during what year?
✔️a. 1992
❌b. 1994-1st certification given
❌c. 2001
❌d. 2004

8. The challenge most associated with the utilization of an electronic record system is which of the ff?
❌a. Cost
❌b. Accuracy
✔️c. Privacy
❌d. Curability

Note:
📌Privacy of patient's record, all staff can access.

9. A nurse who is proficient in computers & IT that uses these advantages to promote effective & secured use of computerized record is referred to as?
❌a. Information technician
❌b. Nursing IT
❌c. Nursing information technician
✔️d. Nursing informaticist

10. One advantage of a computerized recording ststem is that?
❌a. The nursing diagnoses for a client's data can be accurately determined
❌b. Cost of confinement will be reduced
✔️c. Information concerning the client can be easily updated
❌d. The number of people that will take care of the client will be reduced.

Note:
📌Advantages: Easy documentation, easy retrieval of data, data are easy to update..
📌Disadvantage: Most common concern-Privacy..

GOODLUCK!

🛜🩵L E A D E R S H I P
A N D
M A N A G E M E NT📍


🩷A. LEADERSHIP
➢🩶 The process of influencing the actions of a person or group to attain desired objectives.

NURSING LEADERSHIP
➢ 🩶The process whereby a nurse influence one or more persons to achieve specific goals in the provision of nursing care for one or more patients.

🩷B. THEORIES of LEADERSHIP🚨

1. Great Man Theory
➢ 🩶Leaders are born and not made, which suggests that leadership cannot be developed. Few people are born with necessary characteristics to be great.

2. Charismatic Theory
➢ 🩶People maybe leaders because they are charismatic but relatively little is known about this intangible characteristics most agree that it is an inspirational quality that makes others feel better in their presence.

3. Trait Theories
➢ 🩶Assume that a person must have certain innate abilities, personality traits or other characteristics in order to be a leader.
➢ 🩶Traits could be obtained through learning and experience.

4. Situational Theory
➢ 🩶Suggests that the traits required of a leader differ according to varying situations.

5. Contingency Theory
➢ 🩶Leadership style will be effective or ineffective depending on the situation.

6. Path – Goal Theory
➢ 🩶The leader facilitates task accomplishment by minimizing obstruction to the goals and by rewarding followers for completing their tasks.

🩷C. KINDS of LEADERSHIP

1. Transactional Leadership
➢ 🩶Is an exchange posture that identifies needs of followers and provides rewards to meet those needs in exchange for expected performance.
2. Transformational Leadership
➢ 🩶Promotes employee development, attends to needs and motives of followers, inspires through optimism, influences changes in perception, provides intellectual stimulation and encourages follower creativity. It is a cooperative process – focused networking.

🩷D. LEADERSHIP STYLE

➢ 🩶Is how a leader uses interpersonal influences to accomplish goals.

1. Autocratic

a. ✅Leader – focused
b. ✅Leader maintains strong control, makes the decisions and solves all problems.
c. ✅Leader dominates the group
d. ✅Leader commands rather than makes suggestions or seeks input

2. Democratic

a.✅Also called participative leadership
b.✅Based on the belief that every group members should have input into development of goals and problem solving
c.✅ Leader acts primarily as a facilitator and a resource person
d.✅Leader is concerned for each member of the group
e. ✅More participative and much less authoritarian than autocratic

3. Laissez – faire

a. ✅Leader assumes a passive, nondirective and inactive approach
b. ✅Leadership responsibilities are either assumed by the members of the group or completely relinquished
c. ✅All decision making is left to the group, with the leader giving little if any guidance, support or feedback.
d. ✅Behavior by the group may be permissible due to the leader’s lack of limit setting and stated expectations

4. Situational

a. ✅Utilizing a combination of styles based on current circumstances and events
b. ✅Leadership styles are assumed according to the needs of the group and tasks to be achieved.